Refers to operations conducted within a regime where environmental pressures, such as road congestion, air pollution, fuel efficiency and waste minimisation are key determining factors in policy decisions.

The Gross Domestic Product measures the value of economic activity within a country. Strictly defined, GDP is the sum of the market values, or prices, of all final goods and services produced in an economy during a period of time.

The difference between price and cost divided by price.

Is two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have a stable relationship, a common goal, and perceive themselves to be a group.

Changes that may occur in any part of the group and bring out actions and reactions in the group structure that affects group members. 

The process of reorganizing and grouping products to be managed collectively in the warehouse and during transportation

Is a mode of thinking that occurs when the members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise the alternative courses of action.

This stage is usually characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production or sales, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase, and makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the growth.

Hard Currency is the currency with value that can buy other currencies or goods.

(not so good)

The situation where most of the "borrowing" comes from long term loans, usually bank loans with a monthly interest rate that must be paid every month with dire consequences if payments are missed.

The hinterland is described as the inland area beyond the coastal region where goods are transported from to reach the sea port. It is also used to describe rural areas away from larger cities.

Allows a company to buy an asset by paying off the cost on a monthly basis.

It's an empty space, caused by few items being stored.

Horizontal integration involves any moves related to the same “level” of the chain as the organization making them. Integration could include merging with or purchasing firms that supply similar products, such as a central processing unit (CPU) manufacturer buying another in order to serve a larger swath of the CPU market. This type of relationship could help the firm gain many more customers, and give them greater control over the price and supply of CPUs.

A system used for transportation and distribution where there is a large central distribution centre where goods are stored and/or managed (hub) and smaller satellite centres (spoke) to which goods are transported for storage, cross-docking and/or repackaging before being delivered to consumers.

In disaster relief is the efficient and effective management of humanitarian emergency assistance supplies from source to recipients.   

Competition where products and services differ, prices are not set solely by supply and demand, market share varies between companies, and customers may not have all the information regarding product availability and prices.

Import tariffs are duties or taxes on products imported into a country. They are used to protect domestic firms against competition from imports

Goods and services that are produced in one country and brought to another.

Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.

Incoterms are a set of contractual conditions or terms that can be adopted into international contracts and which are designed to be understood and interpreted correctly on a worldwide basis.

It occurs by the request of customers for products, kit products, service parts. This demand also individually and independently happens for each item, and has no relationship with other items.

A clause that can form a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject and a predicate.

A distribution channel which makes use of more than one intermediary to move goods from the manufacturer to the customer.

Of or for a particular person

Is something that is incapable of being divided or separated into parts.

Is the process through which employees adjust or acclimatise to their new jobs and working environment.

A industry is a classification of a group of product or services that relate to each other. Industries are generally named after the main product or service used in the sector, for example the Automotive Industry or the Entertainment Industry. 

a. The capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on or produce effects on the actions, behaviour, opinions, etc., of others: He used family influence to get the contract.  

b. The action or process of producing effects on the actions, behaviour, opinions, etc., of another or others: Her mother's influence made her stay.  

c. A person or thing that exerts influence: He is an influence for the good”. 

An information silo is an information management system that is unable to freely communicate with other information management systems. Communication within an information silo is always vertical, making it difficult or impossible for the system to work with unrelated systems.

Creates brand awareness and knowledge of new products or new features of existing products. 

Is a small cross-functional team of senior managers that oversee and direct innovation management activities across all business functions

What is put in, taken in, or operated on by any process or system.

Unable to pay debts owed.

Is where the business uses its own resources and people to accomplish a task rather outsourcing.

Inspection can be described as the process of examining, measuring, testing, or gauging the characteristics of a product or a service.  By comparing the results of the inspection with required specifications, one can determine whether conformity is achieved for each characteristic.

An arrangement by which a company or the state undertakes to provide a guarantee of compensation for specified loss, damage, illness, or death in return for payment of a specified premium

A product that cannot be touched but represents a service which is offered, such as an insurance policy, bus tickets or cell phone airtime. These products are also considered consumer goods, although they are not all sold through a physical retail store. They can however be sold on-line and many retail stores do also offer an opportunity to purchase these products thorough a retail store.

Assets that are not physical, so they cannot be seen, felt or touched.

Integrated operations refers to the integration of people, disciplines, organizations, work processes and information and communication technology to make smarter decisions. In short, IO is collaboration with focus on production.

The charge made for borrowing money, typically charged over a year.

Also seen as a „middle man‟. Intermediary is a company or person (such as a broker or consultant) who acts as a mediator or a link between parties for a business deal, investment decision, negotiation, and so forth.

A term to denote that more than one mode of transport has been used to complete a journey, i.e. more than one of the following in a variety of different combinations; road, rail, air, water. 

A container or pallet suitable for multimodal transport

Internal Stakeholders are those parties, either individual or group, that participate in the running of the company

They may influence and may be influenced by the success or failure of the business or its people, because they have a vested interest in the organisation

An IATA airport code, also known as an IATA location identifier, IATA station code, or simply a location identifier, is a three-letter geocode designating many airports and metropolitan areas around the world, defined by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

The International Maritime Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping.

Intrepid is the hub for motivated, creative visionary entrepreneurs who want to launch and continually grow as a passion drive founder.

This is the most expensive stage for a company launching a new product. The initial size of the market for the product is usually small (not always, think of Apple launching a new iPhone), which means sales are low, although they will be increasing.

Inventory level refers to the amount of inventory.

This policy outlines guidelines and accounting policies to ensure that inventory is properly controlled and costed, and losses or shortages are prevented. It applies to all inventory items, including raw materials/parts, work in progress, and finished goods and consigned inventory.

Is a planning process which measures the rate at which inventory is used againts how much is purchased at a time.