• Texts refer to signed, spoken, written, or visual communications, including sign language that communicates meaning to an audience or reader/viewer. A text may be considered from the point of view of its structure, context and function • Spoken/signed texts: May include conversations, speeches /presentations, prayers, and songs • Written/signed texts: May include poetry, drama, novels, letters, magazine and newspaper articles, paragraphs, essays/signed narratives, and scripts • Visual texts: May include photographs, posters, cartoons, advertisements, environmental prints (road signs), maps, diagrams, charts, and films